Non-prescribed pharmaceutical stimulants use among adolescents: a way to self-care or peer success?

The findings highlight the key role of psycho-social factors and engagement in other risky behaviours in either reducing or promoting the risk of pharmaceutical stimulants without a medical prescription (PSWMP) use. Particularly, being satisfied with peer relationships and with oneself is significantly associated with lower use of PSWMP. Conversely, the consumption of other psychoactive substances (both legal and illegal) and engagement in other risky behaviours (e.g., gambling and cyberbullying) may increase this phenomenon.